ABSTRACT
Scientific research design is the premise of scientific research, and also an important concern of the editor in the process of nursing paper review. It plays a vital role in the quality of nursing papers and the recruitment of the editorial department. Aiming at the common problems of scientific research design encountered by the editors during the review of nursing papers, this paper analyzes them from two aspects: the overall unreasonable scientific research design and the unscientific scientific research design process, in combination with cases, in order to provide help for nursing staff in writing papers.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of Vibrio cholerae in Beijing during 2015-2021 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of cholera. Methods: The V. cholerae strains isolated in Beijing during 2015-2021 were analyzed by serotyping and virulence genes detection. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed for the molecular typing of the strains. Based on the collected epidemiological and clinical data of cholera cases,the epidemiological characteristics of cholera were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method. Results: A total of 76 Vibrio cholerae O1 strains were isolated in Beijing during 2015-2021, including 61 strains from human, 10 strains from environment and 5 strains from seafood. The 76 strains consisted of 68 Ogawa strains and 8 Inaba strains. Six Ogawa strains isolated from sporadic cases carried ctxAB. After NotⅠ digestion, 76 strains were divided into 33 PFGE patterns. From 2015 to 2021, a total of 38 cholera epidemics were reported in Beijing, most of them were sporadic ones, accounting for 92.11% (35/38). A total of 45 cases were reported, and the cases occurred during June-September accounted for 97.78% (44/45). Cholera cases occurred in 9 districts of Beijing, and the cases reported in Chaoyang district accounted for 42.22% (19/45) and in Changping district accounted for 31.11% (14/45). The age of the cholera cases ranged from 19 to 63 years. Except for one case with unknown clinical symptoms, 44 cases had diarrhea symptoms with 84.09% (37/44) of the cases reporting diarrhea (3-9 times/day), followed by yellow watery stool (95.45%, 42/44), abdominal pain (68.18%, 30/44), nausea and vomiting (40.91%, 18/44) and fever (36.36%, 16/44). Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae strains isolated in Beijing during 2015-2021 were mainly O1 serotype Ogawa,most of which were non-toxigenic. The PFGE of the strains varied. Cholera epidemics occurred in 9 districts of Beijing, but most were sporadic ones with incidence peak during June-September.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Beijing/epidemiology , Cholera/epidemiology , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Vibrio cholerae O1/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the influence of mind mapping combined with Wechat platform on the self-management ability of patients with PICC catheterization in the intermittent period of chemotherapy.Methods:Ninety patients with PICC catheterization were selected as the study subjects. According to the order of treatment, 30 patients were divided into control group, 30 patients with simple mind mapping group and 30 patients with mind mapping combined with wechat platform group. The PICC self-management ability and health education satisfaction of the three groups of patients were compared.Results:The PICC self-management ability scores of the three groups were (137.23±8.42), (144.97±6.43) and (148.20±6.04) points, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in self-management ability scores among the three groups ( F value was 19.216, P<0.05). Control group and observation group 1, control group and observation group 2, observation group 1 and observation group 2, there was a statistically significant difference in self-management ability scores between the two groups ( t values were -3.997, -5.796, -2.008, P<0.05). The health education satisfaction scores of the three groups were (76.50±12.47), (84.17±10.67) and (90.87±8.54) points, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of health education satisfaction among the three groups ( F value was 13.590, P<0.05). Control group and observation group 1, control group and observation group 2, observation group 1 and observation group 2, the difference in health education satisfaction scores between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were -2.559, -5.208, -2.685, P<0.05). Conclusion:Mind mapping combined with wechat platform can improve the self-management ability and health education satisfaction of patients with PICC catheterization during the intermittent period of chemotherapy, which is worthy of promotion in the clinic.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the pathogenic surveillance programs and related factors on bacillary dysentery in Beijing,2008-2017,to provide evidence for the practices of diagnosis,treatment and prevention of the disease.Methods Analysis was conducted on surveillance data of bacillary dysentery,collected from the surveillance areas of national bacillary dysentery in Beijing.Shigella positive rate of stool samples were used as the gold standard while detection rate of Shigella,diagnostic accordance rate and resistance were computed on data from the surveillance programs.Chi-square test was used to compare the rates and unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of Shigella infection.Results Both the reported incidence rate on bacillary dysentery and detection rate of Shigella in diarrhea patients showed significantly decreasing trend,from 2008 to 2017.The accordance rate of bacillary dysentery was only 7.80％ (111/1 423).Shigella sonnei was the most frequently isolated strain (73.95％,159/215) followed by Shigella flexnery.Results from the multivariate logistic regression of Shigella positive rate revealed that among those patients who were routine test of stool positive vs.routine test of stool positive (OR=1.863,95％CI:1.402-2.475),onset from July to October vs.other months' time (OR=7.271,95％CI:4.514-11.709) temperature ≥38 ℃ vs.temperature ＜38 ℃ (OR=4.516,95％CI:3.369-6.053) and age from 6 to 59 years old vs.other ages (OR =1.617,95 ％ CI:1.085-2.410),presenting higher positive detection rates of Shigella from the stool tests.The resistant rates on ampicillin and nalidixic acid were 97.57％ (201/206) and 94.90％ (186/196),both higher than on other antibiotics.The resistant rates on ciprofloxacin (16.33％,32/196),ofloxacin (9.57％,11/115) and on amoxilin (15.05％,31/206) were relatively low.The resistant rate appeared higher on Shigellaflexnery than on Shigella sonnei.The proportion of strains with resistance on 3 more drugs,was 30.00％ (21/70).Conclusions The diagnostic accordance rate of bacillary dysentery in Beijing was low,with severe resistance of Shigella.Our findings suggested that clinicians should take multiple factors into account in their practices about epidemiological history,clinical symptom and testing results for diarrhea patients.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the pathogenic surveillance programs and related factors on bacillary dysentery in Beijing,2008-2017,to provide evidence for the practices of diagnosis,treatment and prevention of the disease.Methods Analysis was conducted on surveillance data of bacillary dysentery,collected from the surveillance areas of national bacillary dysentery in Beijing.Shigella positive rate of stool samples were used as the gold standard while detection rate of Shigella,diagnostic accordance rate and resistance were computed on data from the surveillance programs.Chi-square test was used to compare the rates and unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of Shigella infection.Results Both the reported incidence rate on bacillary dysentery and detection rate of Shigella in diarrhea patients showed significantly decreasing trend,from 2008 to 2017.The accordance rate of bacillary dysentery was only 7.80％ (111/1 423).Shigella sonnei was the most frequently isolated strain (73.95％,159/215) followed by Shigella flexnery.Results from the multivariate logistic regression of Shigella positive rate revealed that among those patients who were routine test of stool positive vs.routine test of stool positive (OR=1.863,95％CI:1.402-2.475),onset from July to October vs.other months' time (OR=7.271,95％CI:4.514-11.709) temperature ≥38 ℃ vs.temperature ＜38 ℃ (OR=4.516,95％CI:3.369-6.053) and age from 6 to 59 years old vs.other ages (OR =1.617,95 ％ CI:1.085-2.410),presenting higher positive detection rates of Shigella from the stool tests.The resistant rates on ampicillin and nalidixic acid were 97.57％ (201/206) and 94.90％ (186/196),both higher than on other antibiotics.The resistant rates on ciprofloxacin (16.33％,32/196),ofloxacin (9.57％,11/115) and on amoxilin (15.05％,31/206) were relatively low.The resistant rate appeared higher on Shigellaflexnery than on Shigella sonnei.The proportion of strains with resistance on 3 more drugs,was 30.00％ (21/70).Conclusions The diagnostic accordance rate of bacillary dysentery in Beijing was low,with severe resistance of Shigella.Our findings suggested that clinicians should take multiple factors into account in their practices about epidemiological history,clinical symptom and testing results for diarrhea patients.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the incidence and influencing factors of hip fracture and pressure injury in the elderly. Methods A total of 465 elderly patients with a hip fracture diagnosed in the department of orthopedics, Dalian Central Hospital, from October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2017 were selected. According to whether combined with pressure injury, it is divided into stress injury group and non-stress injury group. Compare each group of baseline variables. Logistic single factor and multivariate analysis of baseline variables and combined stress injuries were performed. In the regression analysis, the independent influencing factors of stress injury were finally established as risk factor stratification ROC curves to establish critical risk points. Results Of the 465 patients, 126 had stress injuries (27.1％, 126/465). The age, the normal body mass index, the number of intramedullary nails, the number of catheters, and the number of rehabilitation, the number of fixed limbs, the number of foot pads used, the number of days using foam rubber splint was statistically significant (t=1.63, 3.98, 4.63, χ2=0.45-3.92 , P < 0.05). Bone marrow fixation screws (HR:2.83, 95％CI:1.04-8.02), limb fixation (HR:1.32, 95％CI:0.98-2.32), foam rubber splint days (HR: 3.73, 95％ CI: 1.85-7.62) were influencing factors of stress injury independence (P < 0.05). Conclusion In patients with hip fractures, intramedullary fixation nails are used, and postoperative limb fixation is performed. Foam rubber splints are high-risk groups for elderly hip fractures and pressure injuries.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of nursing authorization program on readiness for hospital discharge in mothers of premature infants. Methods Totally 54 mothers of premature infants from March 2014 to February 2015 were selected as the control group, and 54 cases from March 2015 to March 2016 were set as the study group.The control group was given routine nursing, and the research group was given nursing authorization program on the basis of thecontrol group. The scoresof Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS) scores, Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) and Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) were observed between 2 groups. Results The total score of RHDS, PSI-SF and SCL-90 of the control group of mothers of premature infants were 80.34±7.13, 93.36±8.92, 137.45±12.35, the study group were 91.22 ± 7.34, 81.13 ± 8.56, 114.67 ± 12.28, there was significant difference between 2 groups (t=7.813, 7.270, 9.612, P<0.05). Conclusions The nursing authorization program can improve the readiness for hospital discharge.
ABSTRACT
Objective To discuss the clinical application value of microplate allochroic silica gel assay for rapidly detecting rifampicin(RIF)-resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB).Methods Fifty MTB clinical isolates preserved in the tuberculosis(TB) laboratory of Nantong Municipal Sixth People's Hospital were detected RIF-resistance by using the microplate allochroic silica gel assay and compared with the Bactec MGIT960 method.Then,the RIF susceptibility test in 40 clinical sputum smear-positive specimens were simultaneously detected by using the microplate allochroic silica gel assay and Bactec MGIT960.Finally the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the test results were compared.Results The optimal inoculation volume of MTB was 10-3 mg/mL,the optimal detection time was 7-10 d and the judging critical value of the RIF minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) Was 1.00 μg/mL by microplate allochroic silica gel assay.With the Bactec MGIT960 test as the gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracies of microplate allochroic silica gel assay for RIF-resistance susceptibility test of smear-positive specimens were 94.12％,100％ and 97.37％ respectively.Conclusion Microplate Allochroic silica gel assay can be used for directly detecting the MTB sensitivity to RIF of in sputum specimens.
ABSTRACT
With the scientific development and social progress, people advocate late marriage and late childbirth, and some women because of marriage can't conceive naturally and need to lead to assisted reproduction, the elderly primipara population gradually increased. Postpartum depression is a common mental disease occurring in the puerperium, which seriously endangers the health of mother and baby, especially for the elderly primipara. This article summarized the intervention status of postpartum depression in elderly primipara from the primary prevention and two levels of prevention after birth, and provided the basis for reducing the incidence of postpartum depression.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish a method of judge the pyrazinamide(PZA) susceptibility for Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) with 24-hole micro-liquid culture silica gel color plate,and evaluate the clinical application value of this method.Methods According to the result of MGIT960,to detect PZA drug susceptibility for 30 MTB clinical isolates of whose PZA susceptibility were known with silica gel color plate.The effects of different pH value,different inoculation concentrations on the results were observed,and the optimum detection conditions were discussed.Finally,the 98 MTB clinical isolated of whose PZA susceptibility were unknown were simultaneously detected by gel color plate and MGIT960,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were judged by PZA drug sensitivity.Results The best pH was 5.8-5.9 and the best concentration was 2.5×10-1 mg/mL in gel color plate.The best results were read after 7-14 d.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 95.50%,96.30%,and 98.21% respectively just at PZA critical concentration was 100 μg/mg.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 90.90%,92.59%,and 91.84% respectively just at PZA critical concentration was 200 μg/mg.Conclusion The PZA susceptibility for MTB with 24-hole micro-liquid culture silica gel color plate is accurate,rapid,low-cost and simple.
ABSTRACT
Coding rules for Chinese medicines and their codes (GB/T 31774-2015) was issued by General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (AQSIQ) and Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China (SAC) in 2015. Coding system for Chinese medicines (ISO 18668-1, 2, 3 and 4) series were issued one after another by International Organization for Standardization in 2016 and 2017. In this paper, the comparative study on the GB/T 31774 and ISO 18668-1, 2, 3 to 4 would be conducted to expound the similarities and differences among them. This essay aims at promoting the application of national and international standards of coding system in production and operation enterprises and the medical institutions of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), reducing their repetitive investment to meet the Chinese medicine import and export trade requirement in future. Moreover, it provides the cornerstone and support for TCM standardization, and makes Chinese medicines standard gain dominance in field of international TCM standards, occupying the high ground of international market in the traditional medicine field of the world. It may promote the "Internet + TCM service" in our country, and let the Chinese medicine industry go out of the country and into the world to contribute to human health.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the baseline data of cancers in the Jinchang Cohort, this paper examined trends in cancer mortality among adults investigated in Jinchang, Gansu province from 2001 to 2010.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Mortality data were collected from company departments through administrative documents, death certificates, etc. Trend analyses of cancer mortality were performed on the basis of 925 cancer deaths between 2001 and 2010.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The crude mortality rate of cancer continuously increased from 161.86 per 100,000 in 2001 to 315.32 per 100,000 in 2010, with an average increase of 7.69% per year in the Jinchang Cohort (16.41% in females compared to 6.04% in males), but the age-standardized mortality rate increased only in females. Thirteen leading cancers accounted for 92.10% of all cancer deaths. The five leading causes of cancer mortality in males were lung, gastric, liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancer, whereas those in females were lung, liver, gastric, breast, and esophageal cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The overall cancer mortality rate increased from 2001 to 2010 in the Jinchang Cohort, with greater rate of increase in females than in males. Lung, breast, and gastric cancer, in that order, were the leading causes of increased cancer mortality in females.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , China , Epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Neoplasms , Epidemiology , Mortality , Retrospective Studies , Time FactorsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the roles of PI3K/Akt signaling in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and non-UPR signaling pathways of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hepatocytes under conditions of saturated fatty acid-induced steatosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A steatosis model of hepatocytes (L02 cell and HepG2 cell line) was induced by palmitate sodium saturated fatty acids.The hepatocytes were divided into normal control group,experimental group (treated with palmitate sodium) and intervention group (treated with palmitate sodium and LY294002, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor). Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI double-staining.Western blot analysis was used to examine the protein expression of GRP78, PI3K, P-PI3K,Akt, P-Akt, CHOP and Bax.The F test and t-test were used in statistical analyses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Flow cytometry showed that palmitate sodium induced cell apoptosis in steatotic hepatocytes;moreover, a significant increase in cell apoptosis was observed in the palmitate sodium-induced steatotic hepatocytes in the presence of LY294002.For the normal control group, the experimental group and the intervention group, the apoptosis ratios of L02 cells were 4.41 ± 0.78% vs. 6.01 ± 1.49% vs. 19.50 ± 2.53% after 24 hours of treatment,and 12.56 ± 2.78% vs. 29.72 ± 6.39% vs. 44.60 ± 4.17% after 48 hours of treatment in respectively (all P < 0.05),and of HepG2 cells were 11.16 ± 1.15% vs. 17.50 ± 6.83% vs. 30.41 ± 3.62% after 24 hours of treatment, and 22.37 ± 1.24% vs. 33.85 ± 5.79% vs. 48.56 ± 4.21% after 48 hours of treatment (all P < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that expression of GRP78 was significantly upregulated in the palmitate sodium-induced steatosis hepatocytes, indicating activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, the palmitate sodium treatment also activated the PI3K/Akt pathway,induced expression of CHOP and Bax of the UPR and non-UPR signaling pathways respectively. Moreover, Pretreatment with LY294002 inhibited the palmitate sodium induced-phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, and promoted upregulation of CHOP and Bax induced by palmitate sodium.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The PI3K/Akt pathway may be involved in regulation of the UPR and non-UPR signaling pathways of endoplasmic reticulum stress and may promote apoptosis of hepatocytes by enhancing the expression of CHOP and Bax protein in saturated fatty acid-induced steatotic hepatocytes.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Apoptosis , Cell Line , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Fatty Liver , Heat-Shock Proteins , Hepatocytes , Palmitic Acid , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases , Phosphorylation , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt , Signal Transduction , Unfolded Protein Response , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
The relationship between tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) and protein expression of insulin receptor (InsR) and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was investigated. The InsR expression and TP in skeleton muscle tissue were determined by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation in women with GDM (GDM group, n=22), normal pregnant women (normal pregnancy group, n=22) and normal non-pregnant women (normal non-pregnant group, n=13). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FINS) were measured by oxidase assay and immunoradioassay. The results showed that the levels of FPG (5.61±0.78 mmol/L), FINS (15.42±5.13 mU/L) and Homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) (1.21±0.52) in GDM group were significantly higher than those in normal pregnancy group (4.43±0.46 mmol/L, 10.56±3.07 mU/L and 0.80±0.31 respectively) (P0.05). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation was significantly decreased in GDM group (0.20±0.05) as compared with normal pregnancy group (0.26±0.06) (P0.05). It was suggested that there is no significant correlation between the protein expression of InsR in skeletal muscle and IR in GDM, but changes in TP of InsR are associated with IR in GDM.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing. Methods Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program,during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR. Results 253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection,were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles:42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical;38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC)including 24.8%st positive,9.9%lt positive and 4.2%st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC);one strain STEC with serotype O26 ∶ K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation. Conclusion DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC,with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing. Methods Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program,during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR. Results 253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection,were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles:42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical;38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC)including 24.8%st positive,9.9%lt positive and 4.2%st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC);one strain STEC with serotype O26 ∶ K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation. Conclusion DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC,with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.
ABSTRACT
The relationship between tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) and protein expression of insulin receptor (InsR) and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was investigated. The InsR expression and TP in skeleton muscle tissue were determined by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation in women with GDM (GDM group, n=22), normal pregnant women (normal pregnancy group, n=22) and normal non-pregnant women (normal non-pregnant group, n=13). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FINS) were measured by oxidase assay and immunoradioassay. The results showed that the levels of FPG (5.61±0.78 mmol/L), FINS (15.42±5.13 mU/L) and Homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) (1.21±0.52) in GDM group were significantly higher than those in normal pregnancy group (4.43±0.46 mmol/L, 10.56±3.07 mU/L and 0.80±0.31 respectively) (P<0.01). The levels of FINS and HOMA-IR in normal pregnancy group were significantly higher than those in normal non-pregnant group (7.56±2.31 mU/L and 0.47±0.26 respectively) (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the InsR expression level among the three groups (P>0.05). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation was significantly decreased in GDM group (0.20±0.05) as compared with normal pregnancy group (0.26±0.06) (P<0.01). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation in normal pregnancy group was lower than that in normal non-pregnant group (0.31±0.06) (P<0.01). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation was negatively related with HOMA-IR in GDM group (r=-0.525, P<0.01). There was no correlation between the protein expression of InsR and HOMA-IR in GDM group (r=-0.236, P>0.05). It was suggested that there is no significant correlation between the protein expression of InsR in skeletal muscle and IR in GDM, but changes in TP of InsR are associated with IR in GDM.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Blood Glucose , Metabolism , Blotting, Western , Diabetes, Gestational , Blood , Metabolism , Fasting , Blood , Insulin , Blood , Insulin Resistance , Muscle, Skeletal , Metabolism , Phosphorylation , Radioimmunoassay , Receptor, Insulin , Metabolism , Tyrosine , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program, during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection, were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles: 42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical; 38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) including 24.8% st positive, 9.9% lt positive and 4.2% st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC); one strain STEC with serotype O26:K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC, with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , China , Epidemiology , Diarrhea , Microbiology , Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli , Genetics , Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Genetics , Epidemics , Escherichia coli , Genetics , Escherichia coli Infections , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Genotype , VirulenceABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Haze or corneal subepithelial fibrosis is one of the common complications after refractive surgery procedures, such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser epithelial keratomileusis, and epipolis laser in situ keratomileusis, which would result in refractive regression, decreased visual quality, and corneal opacification. Haze directly resulted from corneal fibrosis mediated by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Smad7, an inhibitory Smad, can inhibit TGFβ signal transduction. Recently, the effects of Smad7 on the inhibition of fibrosis in several organs have been studied, while little is known about the effects on cornea after PRK. This study was aimed to determine the effects of lentiviral-mediated Smad7 gene expression on corneal fibrosis in rats after PRK.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four different experimental groups were established using right eyes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty-two eyes underwent de-epithelialization only and served as a sham operation group (group 1). Ninety-six eyes underwent PRK operation and were further divided into group 2 (the PRK group) without lentivector administration, group 3 (the Lv-blank group) with control lentiviral vector without Smad7 administration, and group 4 (the Lv-Smad7 group) with Smad7 expressing lentiviral vector Smad7 administration. At 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after PRK, the transfection efficiency was determined by measuring the fluorescence signal as well as Smad7 protein and mRNA levels. Corneas were further processed for immunoblotting to assess the phosphorylation of Smad2 as a downstream event of TGFβ/Smad signaling. The expression of fibrotic markers, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Type III collagen (collagen III), and cell cycle-related marker Ki67, was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Lentivirus-mediated exogenous Smad7 gene expression in rat corneal tissue resulted in reduced activation of TGFβ/Smad signaling caused by downregulation of phosphorylation of Smad2. Smad7 also downregulated the expression of TGFβ2. Markers of cell proliferation and fibrosis, including Ki67, α-SMA, and collagen III, were inhibited by Smad7 up to 3 months after PRK operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Smad7 gene transfer inhibits fibrogenic responses of cornea in rats after PRK.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Actins , Genetics , Collagen Type III , Genetics , Cornea , Pathology , Fibrosis , Genetic Therapy , Ki-67 Antigen , Genetics , Lentivirus , Genetics , Photorefractive Keratectomy , RNA, Messenger , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction , Smad7 Protein , Genetics , Physiology , Transforming Growth Factor beta , PhysiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and migration and neointima formation in rat carotid artery balloon injury model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat VSMCs were divided into control group, TNF-α (10 ng/ml) group, SAMe (0.2 mmol/L) group and TNF-α + SAMe group. VSMC migration distance and proliferation were examined by cell scrape tests and MTT method. NF-κB activity was analyzed by EMSA. PDGF mRNA expression was detected by Northern blot. SD rat were divided into control group, carotid balloon injury group treated with saline or SAMe (15 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1) for 14 d), then blood vessel proliferation was observed histologically in rat carotid artery.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) In vitro, the VSMCs migration distance, absorbance at 490 nm, PDGF mRNA expression, NF-κB activity were all increased in TNF-α group compared to the control group (P < 0.01), and decreased in TNF-α + SAMe group compared to the TNF-α group (P < 0.01). (2) In the balloon injury in vivo models, the intima area of saline group and SAMe group was increased compared to the control group, while the lumen area was larger and the intima area was smaller in the SAMe group than in the saline group (all P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SAMe could reduce TNF-α induced VSMC proliferation and migration possibly through inhibiting NF-κB activity and downregulating PDGF gene expression.</p>